Scientific Justification

The European Kidney Health code and additional information on preventing chronic kidney disease (CKD) were developed based on scientific evidence. You can find below the different resources and references that explain this evidence

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Resource library

Science Journals and databases

Journals

Databases

European Council

European Commission

EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service Organ donation and transplantation

References

References

ABCDE testing

Adeera Levin, Paul E. Stevens, Summary of KDIGO 2012 CKD Guideline: behind the scenes, need for guidance, and a framework for moving forward, Kidney International, Volume 85, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 49-61, ISSN 0085-2538, https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2013.444.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0085253815561747)

American Kidney Fund. Tests for Kidney Disease, https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/tests-kidney-disease

Digital Health Europe. CKD Integrated Care. https://digitalhealtheurope.eu/catalogue/ckd-integrated-care/ EU project – digital health (not clear)

European Renal Association, Do you know your ABCDE profile? https://www.era-online.org/publications/do-you-know-your-abcde-profile/

https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/tests-kidney-disease

InfoKID. Tests and diagnosis. https://infokid.org.uk/tests-and-diagnosis/

ISN-KDIGO CKD Early Identification & Intervention Toolkit, https://www.theisn.org/initiatives/toolkits/ckd-early-screening-intervention/?utm_source=ISN+Mailing+list&utm_campaign=772f10fc50-ISN-SpecialProject&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_-772f10fc50-%5BLIST_EMAIL_ID%5D#PrimaryCare

Keshvari-Shad F, Hajebrahimi S, Pilar Laguna Pes M, Mahboub-Ahari A, Nouri M, Seyednejad F, Yousefi M. A Systematic Review of Screening Tests for Chronic Kidney Disease: An Accuracy Analysis. Galen Med J. 2020 Jun 22;9:e1573. doi: 10.31661/gmj.v9i0.1573. PMID: 34466554; PMCID: PMC8344133. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8344133/

Kidney Care Uk, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), https://kidneycareuk.org/kidney-disease-information/kidney-conditions/ckd-chronic-kidney-disease/#:~:text=CKD%20is%20usually%20diagnosed%20by,family%20history%20of%20kidney%20disease

Levin, Adeera et al. Perspectives on early detection of chronic kidney disease: the facts, the questions, and a proposed framework for 2023 and beyond. Kidney International, Volume 103, Issue 6, 1004 – 1008. https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(23)00176-X/fulltext

Medical News Today. Best Kidney Tests: How to Check Kidney Function at Home: 3 of the best kidney tests. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/at-home-kidney-tests#products

National Kidney Foundation, Understanding your lab values and other CKD health numbers, Sept 2023,  https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/understanding-your-lab-values

Ortiz A, Quiroga B, Díez J, et al. The Spanish Scientific Societies before the ESC 2021 guidelines on vascular disease prevention: Generalizing the measurement of albuminuria to identify vascular risk and prevent vascular disease. Nefrologia (Engl Ed). 2023;43(2):245-250. doi:10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.06.005; https://www.revistanefrologia.com/es-linkresolver-the-spanish-scientific-societies-before-S2013251423001049

Ortiz A, Wanner C, Gansevoort R; ERA Council. Chronic kidney disease as cardiovascular risk factor in routine clinical practice: a position statement by the Council of the European Renal Association. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2023;38(3):527-531. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfac257; https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article/38/3/527/6752463

Victoria State Government. Department of Health. Kidney Disease. Better Health Channel. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/kidney-disease

References

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

American Kidney Fund. Types of Kidney Disease. https://www.kidneyfund.org/all-about-kidneys/types-kidney-diseases

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Basics of Chronic Kidney Disease https://www.cdc.gov/kidneydisease/basics.html

ERKNet (European Rare Kidney Disease Reference Network). Rare Kidney Diseases (A-Z). https://www.erknet.org/disease-information?disease_group=all

Kidney disease: a global health priority. Nat Rev Nephrol 20, 421–423 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-024-00829-x. https://www.edqm.eu/en/organs-tissues-and-cells

National Kidney Foundation. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/about-chronic-kidney-disease

Nierstichting (Dutch Kidney Foundation). Nieren, nierschade en nierfalen. https://nierstichting.nl/documents/399/FS1-Nierennierschade_en_nierfalen.22.pdf

Weinhandl, Eric D. Kidney Failure in the Court of Chronic Diseases. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, Volume 83, Issue 1, 6 – 8

CKD patients

The European Kidney Health Alliance. Kidney Manifesto 2024. https://ekha.eu/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/EKHA_Kidney-Manifesto2024.pdf 

Epidemiology

Foreman, K. J. et al. Forecasting life expectancy, years of life lost, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 250 causes of death: reference and alternative scenarios for 2016–40 for 195 countries and territories. Lancet 392, 2052–2090 (2018)

Kidneys

Encyclopædia Britannica. Nephron. https://www.britannica.com/science/nephron

ION Medical Designs. Normal Anatomy of the Kidney and Nephron. https://www.ionmedicaldesigns.com/store/Normal-Anatomy-of-the-Kidney-and-Nephron-p562386330“

National Kidney Foundation. How Your Kidneys Work. https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/howkidneyswork

National Kidney Foundation. National Kidney Foundation. https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/about-chronic-kidney-disease

Nierstichting (Dutch Kidney Foundation). Nieren, nierschade en nierfalen. https://nierstichting.nl/documents/399/FS1-Nierennierschade_en_nierfalen.22.pdf

Wikipedia Glomerulus (kidney). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glomerulus_%28kidney%29

Lifestyle Choices, Biological and Social Factors

1. Unhealthy lifestyle

Scientific publications

Alghamdi A, Alaryni A, AlMatham K, Hakami O, Qutob R, Bukhari A, Abualnaja A, Aldosari Y, Altamimi N, Alshahrani K, Alsabty A, Abdullah A. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of High-Risk Patients towards Prevention and Early Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) in Saudi Arabia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Jan 3;20(1):871. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20010871. PMID: 36613189; PMCID: PMC9819900.

Cheng C, England E. Nutrition: Chronic Disease Management. FP Essent. 2024 Apr;539:23-34. PMID: 38648172.

Cho SS, Chung BH, Lee HE, Kang MY. Association between social jetlag and chronic kidney disease among the Korean working population. Sci Rep. 2023 Apr 12;13(1):5998. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-33130-1. PMID: 37045895; PMCID: PMC10097717.

Elshoff D, Mehta P, Ziouzenkova O. Chronic Kidney Disease Diets for Kidney Failure Prevention: Insights from the IL-11 Paradigm. Nutrients. 2024 Apr 29;16(9):1342. doi: 10.3390/nu16091342. PMID: 38732588; PMCID: PMC11085624.

Fujii W, Shibata S. Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists for Preventing Chronic Kidney Disease Progression: Current Evidence and Future Challenges. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Apr 23;24(9):7719. doi: 10.3390/ijms24097719. PMID: 37175424; PMCID: PMC10178637.

Haussaire, D., Couchoud, C., Elharrar, X. et al. Epidemiology of tobacco use in dialysis patients in France and survey of nephrologists’ involvement in counseling on tobacco discontinuation. J Nephrol 37, 451–459 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-023-01842-2 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40620-023-01842-2.

Heo GY, Kim HJ, Kalantar D, Jung CY, Kim HW, Park JT, Chang TI, Yoo TH, Kang SW, Rhee CM, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Han SH. Association between Fiber Intake and Risk of Incident Chronic Kidney Disease: The UK Biobank Study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2023;27(11):1018-1027. doi: 10.1007/s12603-023-1998-6. PMID: 37997724.

Jang YS, Park YS, Kim H, Hurh K, Park EC, Jang SY. Association between sedentary behavior and chronic kidney disease in Korean adults. BMC Public Health. 2023 Feb 10;23(1):306. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-14929-5. PMID: 36765338; PMCID: PMC9912677.

Kalantar-Zadeh K, Joshi S, Schlueter R, Cooke J, Brown-Tortorici A, Donnelly M, Schulman S, Lau WL, Rhee CM, Streja E, Tantisattamo E, Ferrey AJ, Hanna R, Chen JLT, Malik S, Nguyen DV, Crowley ST, Kovesdy CP. Plant-Dominant Low-Protein Diet for Conservative Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients. 2020 Jun 29;12(7):1931. doi: 10.3390/nu12071931. PMID: 32610641; PMCID: PMC7400005.

Kanbay M, Siriopol D, Copur S, Tapoi L, Benchea L, Kuwabara M, Rossignol P, Ortiz A, Covic A, Afsar B. Effect of Coffee Consumption on Renal Outcome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Studies. J Ren Nutr. 2021 Jan;31(1):5-20. doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2020.08.004. Epub 2020 Sep 18. PMID: 32958376.

Kim HJ, Koh HB, Heo GY, Kim HW, Park JT, Chang TI, Yoo TH, Kang SW, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Rhee C, Han SH. Higher potassium intake is associated with a lower risk of chronic kidney disease: population-based prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024 Apr;119(4):1044-1051. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.02.004. Epub 2024 Feb 10. PMID: 38346560.

Lei Z, Xu M, Li Y, Chen L, Li H. Prebiotics, Probiotics and Nutrients in Cardiovascular and Kidney Disease. Nutrients. 2023 Oct 8;15(19):4284. doi: 10.3390/nu15194284. PMID: 37836572; PMCID: PMC10574152.

Merckx G, Somja M, Makalou G, Jouret F. Prévention non médicamenteuse de la maladie rénale chronique [Non-pharmacological prevention of chronic kidney disease]. Rev Med Liege. 2024 Jun;79(5-6):411-417. French. PMID: 38869132.

O’Callaghan CA. Dietary salt intake in chronic kidney disease: recent studies and their practical implications. Pol Arch Intern Med. 2024 May 28;134(5):16715. doi: 10.20452/pamw.16715. Epub 2024 Mar 28. PMID: 38546269.

Schrauben SJ, Apple BJ, Chang AR. Modifiable Lifestyle Behaviors and CKD Progression: A Narrative Review. Kidney360. 2022 Jan 14;3(4):752-778. doi: 10.34067/KID.0003122021. PMID: 35721622; PMCID: PMC9136893.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9136893/.

Seidu S, Abdool M, Almaqhawi A, Wilkinson TJ, Kunutsor SK, Khunti K, Yates T. Physical activity and risk of chronic kidney disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 cohort studies involving 1,281,727 participants. Eur J Epidemiol. 2023 Mar;38(3):267-280. doi: 10.1007/s10654-022-00961-7. Epub 2023 Jan 10. PMID: 36626101; PMCID: PMC10033580.

Sullivan VK, Appel LJ, Anderson CAM, Kim H, Unruh ML, Lash JP, Trego M, Sondheimer J, Dobre M, Pradhan N, Rao PS, Chen J, He J, Rebholz CM; CRIC Study Investigators. Ultraprocessed Foods and Kidney Disease Progression, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the CRIC Study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2023 Aug;82(2):202-212. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2023.01.452. Epub 2023 Apr 6. PMID: 37028638; PMCID: PMC10524102.

The Lancet. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. 2020;396 : 1223–49. https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2820%2930752-2.

Xiao R, Dong L, Xie B, Liu B. A Mendelian randomization study: physical activities and chronic kidney disease. Ren Fail. 2024 Dec;46(1):2295011. doi: 10.1080/0886022X.2023.2295011. Epub 2024 Jan 4. PMID: 38178379; PMCID: PMC10773648.

Xu ZH, Qiu CS, Qi J, Tang XL, Li HM, Zhang LW, Du LY, Liao DQ, Lai SM, Huang HX, Xiong ZY, Kuang L, Zhang BY, Wu JH, Li ZH. Association between Whole Grain Intake and Chronic Kidney Disease. J Nutr. 2024 Apr;154(4):1262-1270. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.02.013. Epub 2024 Feb 16. PMID: 38367806.

Zhang Y, Zhang T, Liu Y, Bai S, Jiang J, Zhou H, Luan J, Cao L, Lv Y, Zhang Q, Liu L, Sun S, Wang X, Zhou M, Jia Q, Song K, Zhang H, Chang Q, Fan X, Ding Y, Chen L, Zhao Y, Niu K, Xia Y. Adherence to healthy lifestyle was associated with an attenuation of the risk of chronic kidney disease from metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: Results from two prospective cohorts. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2023 Oct;17(10):102873. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.

Additional references

Europe – World

European Renal Association (ERA). Prevention of Prevention of CKD. A lot can be done to keep the kidneys healthy! 2023. https://www.era-online.org/publications/prevention-of-ckd/.

International Society of Nephrology (ISN). ISN Academy. 2023. https://academy.theisn.org/.

Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Controversies Conference on Preventing CKD. 2022. https://kdigo.org/conferences/controversies-conference-on-preventing-ckd/.

The Netherlands

Voedingscentrum. Chronische Nierschade. 2023. https://www.voedingscentrum.nl/encyclopedie/chronische-nierschade.aspx.

US

National Kidney Foundation. Coffee and Kidney Disease: Is it Safe? https://www.kidney.org/newsletter/coffee-and-kidney-disease.

National Kidney Foundation. Your Kidneys Don’t Want You to Smoke. 2023. https://www.kidney.org/news-stories/your-kidneys-don-t-want-you-to-smoke

Lifestyle Choices, Biological and Social Factors

2. Age and gender

Scientific publications

Ballard-Sims A, Stephens U, Wiers S. Improving Chronic Kidney Disease Risk Factor Screening Among Older Adults: A Quality Improvement Project. Nephrol Nurs J. 2024 Jan-Feb;51(1):61-68. PMID: 38456728.

Benoit, S. W., Ciccia, E. A., & Devarajan, P. (2020). Cystatin C as a biomarker of chronic kidney disease: latest developments. Expert review of molecular diagnostics, 20(10), 1019-1026.

Chesnaye NC, Ortiz A, Zoccali C, Stel VS, Jager KJ. The impact of population ageing on the burden of chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2024 Sep;20(9):569-585. doi: 10.1038/s41581-024-00863-9. Epub 2024 Jul 18. PMID: 39025992.

Cusick MM, Tisdale RL, Chertow GM, Owens DK, Goldhaber-Fiebert JD. Population-Wide Screening for Chronic Kidney Disease : A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2023 Jun;176(6):788-797. doi: 10.7326/M22-3228. Epub 2023 May 23. PMID: 37216661; PMCID: PMC11091494.

Harris RC, Zhang MZ. The role of gender disparities in kidney injury. Ann Transl Med. 2020 Apr;8(7):514. doi: 10.21037/atm.2020.01.23. PMID: 32395558; PMCID: PMC7210165. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7210165/

Kim H, Hyun YY, Joo YS, Yun HR, Kim Y, Jung JY, Jeong JC, Kim J, Park JT, Yoo TH, Kang SW, Oh KH, Han SH. Proteinuria, measured or estimated albuminuria for risk prediction in patients with chronic kidney disease? Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2024 Feb 28;39(3):473-482. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfad195. PMID: 37723608; PMCID: PMC11024809.

Nagib, S. N., Abdelwahab, S., Amin, G. E. E. D., & Allam, M. F. (2021). Screening and early detection of chronic kidney disease at primary healthcare: chronic kidney disease at primary care. Clinical and experimental hypertension, 43(5), 416-418.

Oh, H.SH., Rutledge, J., Nachun, D. et al. Organ aging signatures in the plasma proteome track health and disease. Nature 624, 164–172 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06802-1. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06802-1.

Ran J, Tao C, Zhang S, Chen Q, Yang P, Hu Y, Liao X. Circadian syndrome is associated with the development of chronic kidney disease and rapid decline in kidney function in middle-aged and elder adults: a China nationwide cohort study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2024 Jan;28(1):100011. doi: 10.1016/j.jnha.2023.100011. Epub 2024 Jan 1. PMID: 38267153.

Ruilope LM, Ortiz A, Lucia A, Miranda B, Alvarez-Llamas G, Barderas MG, Volpe M, Ruiz-Hurtado G, Pitt B. Prevention of cardiorenal damage: importance of albuminuria. Eur Heart J. 2023 Apr 1;44(13):1112-1123. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac683. PMID: 36477861.

Tanaka T, Maruyama S, Chishima N, Akiyama H, Shimamoto K, Inokuchi S, Yokota K, Ozaki A. Population characteristics and diagnosis rate of chronic kidney disease by eGFR and proteinuria in Japanese clinical practice: an observational database study. Sci Rep. 2024 Mar 2;14(1):5172. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55827-7. PMID: 38431648; PMCID: PMC10908847.

Tungsanga S, Bello AK. Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Complications in Older Adults. Drugs Aging. 2024 Jul;41(7):565-576. doi: 10.1007/s40266-024-01128-7. Epub 2024 Jun 26. PMID: 38926293.

Additional references

US

National Council on Aging (NCOA). The Top 10 Most Common Chronic Conditions in Older Adults. 2024. https://www.ncoa.org/article/the-top-10-most-common-chronic-conditions-in-older-adults/

Lifestyle Choices, Biological and Social Factors

3. Harmful substances

Scientific publications

Kimura H, Yoshida S, Takeuchi M, Kawakami K. Impact of Potentially Inappropriate Medications on Kidney Function in Chronic Kidney Disease: Retrospective Cohort Study. Nephron. 2023;147(3-4):177-184. doi: 10.1159/000526326. Epub 2022 Sep 16. PMID: 36116436; PMCID: PMC10137306.

Kuźma Ł, Małyszko J, Bachórzewska-Gajewska H, et al. Exposure to air pollution and renal function. Sci Rep. 2021;11:11419. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-91000-0. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-91000-0.

Robert T, Tang E, Kervadec J, Zaworski J, Daudon M, Letavernier E. Kidney Injury and Hair-Straightening Products Containing Glyoxylic Acid.. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(5): 390:1147-1149. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2400528. https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2400528

Additional references

Europe – World

Dockins, C., et al. (2023), « Valuing a reduction in the risk of chronic kidney disease : A large scale multi-country stated preference approach », OECD Environment Working Papers, n° 216, Éditions OCDE, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9c93138f-en. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9c93138f-en.pdf?expires=1714921289&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=CC715D2781825D01BF1547D1BAB04683

The Netherlands

Utrecht University. Het Exposoom: De Grootse Beïnvloeder van Onze Gezondheid Decoderen. 2023. https://www.uu.nl/organisatie/verdieping/het-exposoom-de-grootse-beinvloeder-van-onze-gezondheid-decoderen

US

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC). The Transplant Center. Important Information on OTC Products. 2023. https://www.bidmc.org/-/media/files/beth-israel-org/centers-and-departments/transplant-institute/otc.pdf

Lifestyle Choices, Biological and Social Factors

4. Barriers to good health

Alasfar, S., Berhe, E., Karam, S. et al. Impact of persistent conflict and destabilizing events on dialysis care. Nat Rev Nephrol 19, 688–689 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-023-00759-0. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-023-00759-0

Ashu, J.T., Mwangi, J., Subramani, S. et al. Challenges to the right to health in sub-Saharan Africa: reflections on inequities in access to dialysis for patients with end-stage kidney failure. Int J Equity Health 21, 126 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-022-01715-3. https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12939-022-01715-3

Chen W, Howard K, Gorham G, Abeyaratne A, Zhao Y, Adegboye O, Kangaharan N, Talukder MRR, Taylor S, Cass A; Territory Kidney Care Steering Committee. Costs and healthcare use of patients with chronic kidney disease in the Northern Territory, Australia. BMC Health Serv Res. 2024 Jul 9;24(1):791. doi: 10.1186/s12913-024-11258-8. PMID: 38982437; PMCID: PMC11234693.

Cockerham WC, Hamby BW, Oates GR. The Social Determinants of Chronic Disease. Am J Prev Med. 2017 Jan;52(1S1):S5-S12. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.010. PMID: 27989293; PMCID: PMC5328595. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5328595/

D’Alessandro C, Giannese D, Panichi V, Cupisti A. Mediterranean Dietary Pattern Adjusted for CKD Patients: The MedRen Diet. Nutrients. 2023 Mar 2;15(5):1256. doi: 10.3390/nu15051256. PMID: 36904256; PMCID: PMC10005115.

Điđi Delalić, Vesna Herceg-Čavrak, Ingrid Prkačin. 12 Essential Steps for Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression January 2024 Croatian Cardiac Society doi: 10.15836/CCAR2024.71

Francis A, Harhay MN, Ong ACM, Tummalapalli SL, Ortiz A, Fogo AB, Fliser D, Roy-Chaudhury P, Fontana M, Nangaku M, Wanner C, Malik C, Hradsky A, Adu D, Bavanandan S, Cusumano A, Sola L, Ulasi I, Jha V; American Society of Nephrology; European Renal Association; International Society of Nephrology. Chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2024 Jul;20(7):473-485. doi: 10.1038/s41581-024-00820-6. Epub 2024 Apr 3. PMID: 38570631.

George, C., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Jaar, B. G., Okpechi, I. G., & Kengne, A. P. (2022). The need for screening, early diagnosis, and prediction of chronic kidney disease in people with diabetes in low-and middle-income countries—a review of the current literature. BMC medicine, 20(1), 247.

Goldfarb DS, Patel AA. Climate change and its implications for kidney health. Curr Opin Urol. 2024 Sep 1;34(5):377-383. doi: 10.1097/MOU.0000000000001197. Epub 2024 Jun 12. PMID: 38881301.

Johnson RJ, Sánchez-Lozada LG, Newman LS, Lanaspa MA, Diaz HF, Lemery J, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Tolan DR, Butler-Dawson J, Sato Y, Garcia G, Hernando AA, Roncal-Jimenez CA. Climate Change and the Kidney. Ann Nutr Metab. 2019;74 Suppl 3:38-44. doi: 10.1159/000500344. Epub 2019 Jun 14. PMID: 31203298.

Hassan HA, Hafez MH, Luyckx VA, Tuğlular S, Abu-Alfa AK. Kidney failure in Sudan: thousands of lives at risk. Lancet. 2023 Aug 19;402(10402):607. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)01370-3/fulltext Volume 402, Issue 10402

Li ZH, Song WQ, Qiu CS, Li HM, Tang XL, Shen D, Zhang PD, Zhang XR, Ren JJ, Gao J, Zhong WF, Liu D, Chen PL, Huang QM, Wang XM, You FF, Fu Q, Li C, Xiang JX, Chen ZT, Mao C. Long-term air pollution exposure, habitual physical activity, and incident chronic kidney disease. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2023 Oct 15;265:115492. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115492. Epub 2023 Sep 23. PMID: 37742574.

Rai PK, Rai P, Bedi S, Bansal A, Rai Y. Screening of Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults: A 10 years’ Experience in North Indian City on World Kidney Day. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2023 May 1;34(3):207-213. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.393993. Epub 2024 Jan 17. PMID: 38231715.

Senan, E. M., Al-Adhaileh, M. H., Alsaade, F. W., Aldhyani, T. H., Alqarni, A. A., Alsharif, N., … & Alzahrani, M. Y. (2021). Diagnosis of chronic kidney disease using effective classification algorithms and recursive feature elimination techniques. Journal of healthcare engineering, 2021(1), 1004767.

Serhan Tuglular, Valerie Luyckx, Maintaining kidney replacement therapy during armed conflicts, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Volume 39, Issue 5, May 2024, Pages 735–738, https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfad259 https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article/39/5/735/7459951

Sever MS, Jager KJ, Vanholder R, Stengel B, Harambat J, Finne P, Tesař V, Barbullushi M, Bumblytė IA, Zakharova E, Spasovski G, Resic H, Wiecek A, Blankestijn PJ, Bruchfeld A, Cozzolino M, Goumenos D, Soler MJ, Rychlík I, Stevens KI, Wanner C, Zoccali C, Massy ZA. A roadmap for optimizing chronic kidney disease patient care and patient-oriented research in the Eastern European nephrology community. Clin Kidney J. 2021 Jan;14(1):23-35. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfaa218.

Sever, M.S., Luyckx, V., Tonelli, M. et al. Disasters and kidney care: pitfalls and solutions. Nat Rev Nephrol 19, 672–686 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-023-00743-8. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-023-00743-8

Vanholder, R., Annemans, L., Braks, M. et al. Inequities in kidney health and kidney care. Nat Rev Nephrol 19, 694–708 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-023-00745-6. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-023-00745-6

Tonelli M, Dickinson JA. Early Detection of CKD: Implications for Low-Income, Middle-Income, and High-Income Countries. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020 Sep;31(9):1931-1940. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2020030277. Epub 2020 Aug 24. PMID: 32839279; PMCID: PMC7461685.

Additional references

Europe – World

World Bank. The World by Income and Region. 2023. https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/the-world-by-income-and-region.html

Kidney-Damaging Conditions and Diseases

6. Prenatal and early life factors

Peer reviewed scientific sources

Al Khalaf S, Bodunde E, Maher GM, O’Reilly ÉJ, McCarthy FP, O’Shaughnessy MM, O’Neill SM, Khashan AS. Chronic kidney disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022 May;226(5):656-670.e32. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.10.037. Epub 2021 Nov 2. PMID: 34736915.

Beng-Ongey, H., Robinson, J. S., & Moxey-Mims, M. (2022). Chronic kidney disease emerging trends in children and what to do about it. Journal of the National Medical Association, 114(3), S50-S55.

Chaubal R, Pokhriyal SC, Deshmukh A, Gupta U, Chaubal N. Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney Disease: An In-Utero Diagnosis. Cureus. 2023 Apr 18;15(4). doi: 10.7759/cureus.37786. PMID: 37214047; PMCID: PMC10195076.

Koch Nogueira, P. C., Venson, A. H., de Carvalho, M. F. C., Konstantyner, T., & Sesso, R. (2023). Symptoms for early diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in children—a machine learning–based score. European Journal of Pediatrics, 182(8), 3631-3637.

Liu X, Sun J, Ge B, Pan C, Yan H, Sun X, Peng J, Wang W, Lin Y, Zhang D, Ning F. Association between famine exposure during infancy and childhood and the risk of chronic kidney disease in adulthood. Intern Med J. 2024 Aug;54(8):1310-1319. doi: 10.1111/imj.16367. Epub 2024 Mar 11. PMID: 38465389.

Sanderson KR, Wekon-Kemeni C, Charlton JR. From premature birth to premature kidney disease: does accelerated aging play a role? Pediatr Nephrol. 2024 Jul;39(7):2001-2013. doi: 10.1007/s00467-023-06208-1. Epub 2023 Nov 10. PMID: 37947901; PMCID: PMC11082067.

Talati AN, Webster CM, Vora NL. Prenatal genetic considerations of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). Prenat Diagn. 2019 Aug;39(9):679-692. doi: 10.1002/pd.5536. Epub 2019 Aug 5. PMID: 31343747; PMCID: PMC7272185.

Additional references

Europe – World

International Pediatric Nephrology Association (IPNA). Pediatric Nephrology. 2022. https://theipna.org/resources/textbook/

European Renal Association (ERA). Genes & Kidney Working Group. 2023. https://www.era-online.org/about-us/working-groups/g-k-working-group/

The Netherlands

Nierstichting. Oorzaken van Chronische Nierschade. 2022. https://nierstichting.nl/documents/400/FS2-Oorzaken_van_chonische_nierschade.22.pdf

US

ABC News. Senator reveals personal story of kidney disease and its impact on Indigenous communities. 2019. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-08/senator-mccarthy-reveals-personal-story-of-kidney-disease/11395638.

Mount Sinai. The Greatest Environmental Risk Factors for Kidney Health: What the Latest Studies Reveal About Fetal, Infant, and Childhood Exposures. A CONVERSATION WITH Mount Sinai’s Alison P. Sanders, PhD, a widely recognized authority on environmental risk hazards to humans. https://reports.mountsinai.org/article/peds2021-03-environmental-risk-factors-kidney-health

Kidney-Damaging Conditions and Diseases

7. Infections, inflammation & auto-immune diseases

Scientific publications

Long JD, Strohbehn I, Sawtell R, Bhattacharyya R, Sise ME. COVID-19 Survival and its impact on chronic kidney disease. Transl Res. 2022 Mar;241:70-82. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.11.003. Epub 2021 Nov 10. PMID: 34774843; PMCID: PMC8579714.

Mafra D, Kemp JA, Cardozo LFMF, Borges NA, Nerbass FB, Alvarenga L, Kalantar-Zadeh K. COVID-19 and Nutrition: Focus on Chronic Kidney Disease. J Ren Nutr. 2023 Nov;33(6S). doi: 10.1053/j.jrn.2023.01.004. Epub 2023 Aug 25. PMID: 37632513.

Nelson RG, Grams ME, Ballew SH, Sang Y, Azizi F, Chadban SJ, Chaker L, Dunning SC, Fox C, Hirakawa Y, Iseki K, Ix J, Jafar TH, Köttgen A, Naimark DMJ, Ohkubo T, Prescott GJ, Rebholz CM, Sabanayagam C, Sairenchi T, Schöttker B, Shibagaki Y, Tonelli M, Zhang L, Gansevoort RT, Matsushita K, Woodward M, Coresh J, Shalev V; CKD Prognosis Consortium. Development of Risk Prediction Equations for Incident Chronic Kidney Disease. JAMA. 2019 Dec 3;322(21):2104-2114. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.17379. PMID: 31703124; PMCID: PMC6865298.

Pecly IMD, Azevedo RB, Muxfeldt ES, Botelho BG, Albuquerque GG, Diniz PHP, Silva R, Rodrigues CIS. COVID-19 and chronic kidney disease: a comprehensive review. J Bras Nefrol. 2021 Jul-Sep;43(3):383-399. doi: 10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2020-0203. PMID: 33836039; PMCID: PMC8428633.

Rodrigues CIS, Azevedo RB, Muxfeldt ES. COVID-19 and acute or chronic kidney disease: a crescent learning. J Bras Nefrol. 2022 Jul-Sep;44(3):305-307. doi: 10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2022-E005en. PMID: 35920445; PMCID: PMC9518632.

Shih CC, Lu CJ, Chen GD, Chang CC. Risk Prediction for Early Chronic Kidney Disease: Results from an Adult Health Examination Program of 19,270 Individuals. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jul 10;17(14):4973. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17144973. PMID: 32664271; PMCID: PMC7399976.

Uribarri J. Chronic kidney disease and kidney stones. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2020 Mar;29(2):237-242. doi: 10.1097/MNH.0000000000000582. PMID: 31972597.

Zhou LT, Ali AE, Jayachandran M, Haskic Z, Harris PC, Rule AD, Koo K, McDonnell SK, Larson NB, Lieske JC. Association between Kidney Stones and CKD: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2024 Aug 5. doi: 10.1681/ASN.0000000000000453. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39102294.

Additional references

US

National Kidney Foundation. Kidney Stones. 2024. https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/kidneystones.

Kidney-Damaging Conditions and Diseases

8. Living with one kidney

Scientific publications

Additional references

Europe – World

Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Living Kidney Donor. 2023. https://kdigo.org/guidelines/living-kidney-donor/

US

National Kidney Foundation. Living with One Kidney. March 2024. https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/onekidney

Kidney-Damaging Conditions and Diseases

9. Acute kidney injury (AKI)

Scientific publications

Chiang CH, Chen C, Fang SY, Lin SC, Chen JW, Chang TT. Xanthine oxidase/NADPH oxidase inhibition by hydralazine attenuates acute kidney injury and prevents the transition of acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease. Life Sci. 2023 Aug 15;327:121863. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121863. Epub 2023 Jun 16. PMID: 37331504.

Chou LF, Yang HY, Hung CC, Tian YC, Hsu SH, Yang CW. Leptospirosis kidney disease: Evolution from acute to chronic kidney disease. Biomed J. 2023 Aug;46(4):100595. doi: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100595. Epub 2023 May 2. PMID: 37142093; PMCID: PMC10345244.

Colpaert K, Hoste EA. AKI PATROL: A Multicenter Electronic Health Record Surveillance Program for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Rep. 2020 Apr;5(4):569-577. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.02.006. PMID: 32317329.

Lameire NH, Levin A, Kellum JA, Cheung M, Jadoul M, Winkelmayer WC, Stevens PE; Conference Participants. Harmonizing acute and chronic kidney disease definition and classification: report of a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Consensus Conference. Kidney Int. 2021 Sep;100(3):516-526. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.06.028. Epub 2021 Jul 9. PMID: 34252450.

Liu KD, Goldstein SL, Vijayan A, Parikh CR, Kashani K, Okusa MD, Agarwal A, Cerdá J; AKI!Now Initiative of the American Society of Nephrology. AKI!Now Initiative: Recommendations for Awareness, Recognition, and Management of AKI. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020 Dec 7;15(12):1838-1847. doi: 10.2215/CJN.15611219. Epub 2020 Apr 21. PMID: 32317329; PMCID: PMC7769012. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32317329/

Nateghi Haredasht, F., Viaene, L., Pottel, H. et al. Predicting outcomes of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients using machine learning. Sci Rep 13, 9864 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-36782-1 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-36782-1.

Niculae A, Gherghina ME, Peride I, Tiglis M, Nechita AM, Checherita IA. Pathway from Acute Kidney Injury to Chronic Kidney Disease: Molecules Involved in Renal Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Sep 13;24(18):14019. doi: 10.3390/ijms241814019. PMID: 37762322; PMCID: PMC10531003.

Vanholder V (UGent), Rondeau E, Anders HK, Carlson N, Fliser D, Kanbay M, Antonio Lopes J, Murray PT, Ortiz A, Sanz AB, et al. EDTAKI : a Nephrology and Public Policy Committee (NPPC) platform call for more European involvement in acute kidney injury (2022) NEPHROLOGY DIALYSIS TRANSPLANTATION. 37(4). p.740-748

Van Hoecke S, Speltincx P, Decruyenaere J, et al. Improving Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients Using Machine Learning for Acute Kidney Injury. Ghent University Academic Bibliography. 2021. https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8733287.

Zhang X, Agborbesong E, Li X. The Role of Mitochondria in Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease and Its Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Oct 19;22(20):11253. doi: 10.3390/ijms222011253. PMID: 34681922; PMCID: PMC8537003.

Additional references

Europe – World

European Renal Association (ERA). ERAKI Working Group. https://www.era-online.org/about-us/working-groups/eraki-working-group/

International Society of Nephrology (ISN). Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Toolkit. 2024. https://www.theisn.org/initiatives/toolkits/acute-kidney-injury-aki-toolkit/

Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. 2012. https://kdigo.org/guidelines/acute-kidney-injury/

National Health Service – NHS UK. Acute Kidney Injury. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/acute-kidney-injury/

The Netherlands

Nierstichting. Eigen herstelkracht stimuleren kan mogelijk chronische nierschade voorkomen. November 2023. https://nierstichting.nl/nieuws/2023/11/eigen-herstelkracht-stimuleren-kan-mogelijk-chronische-nierschade-voorkomen/

US

Mayo Clinic. Acute Kidney Injury. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-failure/symptoms-causes/syc-20369048

Kidney-Replacement Therapies

10. Treatment adherence

Scientific publications

Chuang LM, Wu SV, Lee MC, Lin LJ, Liang SY, Lai PC, Kao MC. The effects of knowledge and self-management of patients with early-stage chronic kidney disease: Self-efficacy is a mediator. Jpn J Nurs Sci. 2021 Apr;18(2). . doi: 10.1111/jjns.12388. Epub 2020 Nov 11. PMID: 33174678.

Devika Nair, F. Perry Wilson,Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Adults With Kidney Disease: Current Measures, Ongoing Initiatives, and Future Opportunities for Incorporation Into Patient-Centered Kidney Care, American Journal of Kidney Diseases, Volume 74, Issue 6, 2019, Pages 791-802, ISSN 0272-6386, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.05.025. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272638619308479).

Elshoff D, Mehta P, Ziouzenkova O. Chronic Kidney Disease Diets for Kidney Failure Prevention: Insights from the IL-11 Paradigm. Nutrients. 2024 Apr 29;16(9):1342. doi: 10.3390/nu16091342. PMID: 38732588; PMCID: PMC11085624.

Kajiwara Y, Morimoto M. Identification of illness representational patterns and examining differences of self-care behavior in the patterns in chronic kidney disease. PLoS One. 2023 Mar 31;18(3). . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283701. PMID: 37000861; PMCID: PMC10065431.

Noel, S., & Parikh, C. R. (2023). Kidney functional reserve helps early detection of subclinical chronic kidney disease. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, 325(6), F885-F887.

S Susanti, DN Bistara. Application Coaching Support in Efforts to Regulate Diet and Fluid Restriction in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Vol. 6 No. 3 (2022): Community Development Journal. Doi: 10.33086/cdj.v6i3.2816

van Lint C, Wang W, van Dijk S, Brinkman WP, Rövekamp TJ, Neerincx MA, Rabelink TJ, van der Boog PJ
Self-Monitoring Kidney Function Post Transplantation: Reliability of Patient-Reported Data
J Med Internet Res 2017;19(9):e316. doi: 10.2196/jmir.7542. https://www.jmir.org/2017/9/e316/citations

Wang, Y. N., Ma, S. X., Chen, Y. Y., Chen, L., Liu, B. L., Liu, Q. Q., & Zhao, Y. Y. (2019). Chronic kidney disease: biomarker diagnosis to therapeutic targets. Clinica Chimica Acta, 499, 54-63.

Zwart T., Metscher E, Boog P, Swen J, (2022). Volumetric microsampling for simultaneous remote immunosuppressant and kidney function monitoring in outpatient kidney transplant recipients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 88. 10.1111/bcp.15433. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361153552_Volumetric_microsampling_for_simultaneous_remote_immunosuppressant_and_kidney_function_monitoring_in_outpatient_kidney_transplant_recipients

Additional references

Medpage Today. Multidisciplinary Team Intervention Flops for Improving CKD Outcomes. April, 2024. https://www.medpagetoday.com/nephrology/generalnephrology/109676

Kidney-Replacement Therapies

11. Waiting for transplant

Scientific publications

Carter, B.; Khoshnaw, L.; Simmons, M.; Hines, L.; Wolfe, B.; Liester, M. Personality Changes Associated with Organ Transplants. Transplantology 2024, 5, 12-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/transplantology5010002. https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3943/5/1/2

Van Lint C, Wang W, van Dijk S, Brinkman WP, Rövekamp TJ, Neerincx MA, Rabelink TJ, van der Boog PJ
Self-Monitoring Kidney Function Post Transplantation: Reliability of Patient-Reported Data
J Med Internet Res 2017;19(9):e316 doi: 10.2196/jmir.7542.
https://www.jmir.org/2017/9/e316/citations

Zwart T., Metscher E, Boog P, Swen J, (2022). Volumetric microsampling for simultaneous remote immunosuppressant and kidney function monitoring in outpatient kidney transplant recipients. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 88. 10.1111/bcp.15433. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361153552_Volumetric_microsampling_for_simultaneous_remote_immunosuppressant_and_kidney_function_monitoring_in_outpatient_kidney_transplant_recipients

Additional references

Europe – World

European Kidney Health Alliance (EKHA). FOCUS ON THE EDITH Project. 2023. https://ekha.eu/blog/focus-edith-project/

Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Care of Kidney Transplant Recipients. American Journal of Transplantation. 2009. Supplement3, vol 9. https://kdigo.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/KDIGO-2009-Transplant-Recipient-Guideline-English.pdf

The Netherlands

University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG). TransplantLines. 2023. https://www.umcg.nl/-/medisch-wetenschappelijk-onderzoek/transplantlines

Research sponsors

Eledon Pharmaceuticals. Eledon Pharmaceuticals Announces Use of Tegoprubart anti-CD40L Antibody in Second-ever Transplant of Genetically Modified Heart from a Pig to a Human. Sept 2023.. https://ir.eledon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/eledon-pharmaceuticals-announces-use-tegoprubart-anti-cd40l

Kidney-Replacement Therapies

12. Treatment-related complications

Scientific publications

Boerstra BA, Boenink R, Astley ME, Bonthuis M, Abd ElHafeez S, Arribas Monzón F, Åsberg A, Beckerman P, Bell S, Cases Amenós A, Castro de la Nuez P, ten Dam MAGJ, Debska-Slizien A, Gjorgjievski N, Giudotti R, Helve J, Hommel K, Idrizi A, Indriðason ÓS, Jarraya F, Kerschbaum J, Komissarov KS, Kozliuk N, Kravljaca M, Lassalle M, De Meester JM, Ots-Rosenberg M, Plummer Z, Radunovic D, Razvazhaieva O, Resic H, Rodríguez Arévalo OL, Santiuste de Pablos C, Seyahi N, Slon-Roblero MF, Stendahl M, Tolaj-Avdiu M, Trujillo-Alemán S, Ziedina I, Ziginskiene E, Ortiz A, Jager KJ, Stel VS, Kramer A. The ERA Registry Annual Report 2021: a summary. Clin Kidney J. 2024 Feb;17(2). doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfad281. https://academic.oup.com/ckj/article/17/2/sfad281/7424128

Himmelfarb J, Vanholder R, Mehrotra R, et al. The current and future landscape of dialysis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16:573–585. doi: 10.1038/s41581-020-0315-4. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41581-020-0315-4

Jha V, Al-Ghamdi SMG, Li G, Wu MS, Stafylas P, Retat L, Card-Gowers J, Barone S, Cabrera C, Garcia Sanchez JJ. Global Economic Burden Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pragmatic Review of Medical Costs for the Inside CKD Research Programme. Adv Ther. 2023 Oct;40(10):4405-4420. doi: 10.1007/s12325-023-02608-9. Epub 2023 Jul 26. PMID: 37493856; PMCID: PMC10499937.

Liu L, Zhou L, Zhang Q, Zhang H. Mediation effect of self-neglect in family resilience and medication adherence in older patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2023 Jul 28;48(7):1066-1075. English, Chinese. doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2023.230045. PMID: 37724410; PMCID: PMC10930037.

Milazi M, Bonner A, Douglas C. Effectiveness of educational or behavioral interventions on adherence to phosphate control in adults receiving hemodialysis: a systematic review. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2017 Apr;15(4):971-1010. doi: 10.11124/JBISRIR-2017-003360. PMID: 28398983.

Piccoli GB, Cederholm T, Avesani CM, Bakker SJL, Bellizzi V, Cuerda C, Cupisti A, Sabatino A, Schneider S, Torreggiani M, Fouque D, Carrero JJ, Barazzoni R. Nutritional status and the risk of malnutrition in older adults with chronic kidney disease – implications for low protein intake and nutritional care: A critical review endorsed by ERN-ERA and ESPEN. Clin Nutr. 2023 Apr;42(4):443-457. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.01.018. Epub 2023 Feb 2. PMID: 36857954.

Rivera E, Clark-Cutaia MN, Schrauben SJ, Townsend RR, Lash JP, Hannan M, Jaar BG, Rincon-Choles H, Kansal S, He J, Chen J, Hirschman KB. Treatment Adherence in CKD and Support From Health care Providers: A Qualitative Study. Kidney Med. 2022 Sep 20;4(11):100545. doi: 10.1016/j.xkme.2022.100545. PMID: 36339664; PMCID: PMC9630784.

Shrestha P, Paul S, Sumida K, Thomas F, Surbhi S, Naser AM, Streja E, Rhee CM, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kovesdy CP. Association of iron therapy with incidence of chronic kidney disease. Eur J Haematol. 2023 Dec;111(6):872-880. doi: 10.1111/ejh.14091. Epub 2023 Sep 5. PMID: 37668586.

Vanholder R, Annemans L, Bello AK, Bikbov B, Gallego D, Gansevoort RT, Lameire N, Luyckx VA, Noruisiene E, Oostrom T, Wanner C, Wieringa F. Fighting the unbearable lightness of neglecting kidney health: the decade of the kidney. Clin Kidney J. 2021 Jul;14(7):1719-1730. https://academic.oup.com/ckj/article/14/7/1719/6243030?login=false.

Weisman DS, Thavarajah S, Jaar BG. Prime time for chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrol. 2023 Oct 6;24(1):295. doi: 10.1186/s12882-023-03340-w. PMID: 37803275; PMCID: PMC10559593.

Additional references

Europe – World

European Renal Association. Nutritional information. What You Need to Know. https://www.era-online.org/cookbook/nutritional-information/

European Dialysis and Transplant Nurses Association/European Renal Care Association (EDTNA/ERCA). Clinical research activities. https://www.edtnaerca.org/scientific-board/clinical-research-activities

Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Guidelines. https://kdigo.org/guidelines/

International Society of Nephrology (ISN). Global Kidney Health Atlas. 2023. https://www.theisn.org/wp-content/uploads/media/ISN%20Atlas_2023%20Digital_REV_2023_10_03.pdf

France

Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS). Guide du parcours de soins – Maladie rénale chronique de l’adulte (MRC). 2023. https://www.has-sante.fr/jcms/p_3288950/fr/guide-du-parcours-de-soins-maladie-renale-chronique-de-l-adulte-mrc

Société Francophone de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Transplantation (SFNDT) https://www.sfndt.org/sites/www.sfndt.org/files/medias/documents/NDT_2003_GUIDE%20ART.pdf

US

American Journal of Kidney Diseases. KDOQI Guidelines/Commentaries. https://www.ajkd.org/content/kdoqiguidelines

Kidney health Initiative (KHI). Technology Roadmap for Innovative Approaches to Renal Replacement Therapy
https://khi.asn-online.org/rrtroadmap

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