Functions of the Kidney

Kidneys filter about 200L of blood daily, removing waste (salts, urea, creatinine, medicines) and producing ~2L of urine.

• Blood enters through arteries
• Filtered by nephrons
• Cleaned blood returns via veins
• Urine is stored in the bladder and excreted

Kidneys produce the hormone Klotho, which slows aging and reduces inflammation. Klotho can’t be replaced but can be protected with medication.

By removing excess salt and producing renin, kidneys help regulate blood pressure. Salt intake should be reduced in CKD.

Kidneys activate vitamin D and control calcium-phosphate balance, crucial for strong bones. They also maintain proper blood pH.

Kidneys make EPO (erythropoietin), a hormone that helps form red blood cells. In CKD, EPO drops, causing anaemia and fatigue. Medication can replace EPO.